Critical Analysis Of Shariah Compliance Filters Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The Shariah Compliance Filters were developed under the supervision of known Islamic scholars and Islamic Finance specialists. These filters were based the criteria for our research since they are the only known criterion for a company listed on a stock exchange to be classified as Shariah Compliant if all six filters are passed. There is not much information given about how these filters were formed or what were the aspects taken under consideration in their formation. As we continued our research and studied the filters more closely, there were a lot questions raised about the background of these filters. Here we would like to shed some light on some of the things that we believed were worth discussing and looked to be missing among the six filters. Screening Criteria # 1: Business of the Investee Company In order to judge the Shariah compliance of any counter-party, it is important to consider the nature of the business it is engaged in. When it is an investment in equity, the investor automatically becomes responsible for the way business is structured. The Shariah categorizes certain commercial activities as impermissible or haram for Muslims. This impermissibility makes the investment in the shares of any company engaged in such activities as its main business, is clearly prohibited in Islam. There are cases when a company is engaged in haram activities, and as part of the operation they have to indulge in actions which are not allowed. On the other hand, a company maybe involved in an activity that is allowed but has a subsidiary or investments in another company, which may be involved in non-Shariah compliant businesses. Conventional ulema do not authorize investing in a company whose operations are haram to any extent. Whereas some other Ulemas allow investment in equities of companies which derive a minor part of their income from prohibited activities, as long as such activities are not the main area of business. So far other ulema agree to such respite only if the same can be justified on grounds of maslahah i.e. public interest. But exception is made if the activities are as invasive in the society as the evil, hard to avoid. For example serving alcoholic drinks. Some things that need to be taken under consideration: a) Debt availed by the company; b) Interest and other suspect earnings of the company; c) Extent of cash and receivables with the company. Keeping in view the above discussion, it clarifies the aspect of what business a company does and if that business is Halal or not. Very clearly it states in the Holy Quran that alcohol is strictly prohibited, so if a company deals in a business of alcohol, it is Haram. Similarly, any company whose core business runs on interest (riba) is also Haram. All this is well explained, but now we move on to things that have not been clarified and most of which are a common practice in our world today. Let us first look at the aspect of bribery. Bribery has also been strictly prohibited in Islam. There are a lot of businesses that according to the 1st screening criteria are Halal, but are they still Halal if these businesses are dealing bribery? There is no answer to that in this. Another argument is that if a brewing company makes and sells alcohol, it is creating work opportunities and contributing to the development of the society. Reminded that consumption of alcohol is prohibited, and there are religions and cultures that promote the drinking of alcohol, so if a company is producing and exporting alcohol, should it really be termed Haram? Answers to these questions are unanswered by the Ullama and these filters do not address them. All this seems very easy, if the companys core business is according to the teachings of Islam, it is Halal, what about its operations? Shouldnt the operations of the company be also taken into account? It is agreed that it is difficult to take such aspects into consideration but then the basic purpose of these filters in our perspective is not achieved. Screening Criteria # 2: Market price/Share Net Liquid Assets/Share Net Liquid Assets / Share = T.A F.A Inventory CL LTL / No. of shares outstanding Market price of the share must be greater than the net liquid assets per share. It implies that the company should invest its excess liquid funds in its operations i.e. buy the assets for which the company acquired funds from the general public. This will decrease the ratio of net liquid assets per share. Similarly, effective operational performance will increase profitability of the company and this will be reflected in higher ROE, ROI, ROCE, and EPS etc. This will push up the demand for the companys shares and the market price of that company will eventually increase enabling the company to meet this ratio. Comparing the market price to the net liquid assets again does not make much sense in the accounting or financial term. The market price is an external determinant where as the net liquid assets are in complete control of the company. If a company wants to manipulate its net liquid assets, it can very easily do so, where as the market price is determined by the market as a whole. So comparing these two ratios dont make much sense in the conventional finance. A lot factors among the net liquid assets can turn out different for different companies. Not every company uses the same accounting principles. A change in the reporting method can and does bring about a substantial difference. For example a company that uses a straight line depreciation method could have a different value then a company reporting declining method. If a company manipulates its reportings in such a way only to become Shariaah Compliant, is this considered Halal? Similarly, recording the inventory in the LIFO, FIFO or Weighted Average can change the end of year inventory. No solution to deal with this has been specified. It is again taken into consideration that such matters are out of the reach of the researcher. The basic aim of the company is to serve its share holders and is market price to net liquid the correct way to judge that? Earnings per share can provide a good view so as to how the company is doing and how it is serving its share holder. There is no denying these filters, these are only the questions that have not been answered by the shariah council and in todays world everything needs to have a logic, not everything can be relied upon blindly. There has to be solid grounds on which such criterions are to be built. This is the basic aim of this critique. Screening Criteria # 3: Illiquid Assets/Total Assets 0.20 or 20% Illiquid Assets = TA Liquid Assets (Cash, Cash equivalents, A/R, Advances, B/As etc.) Illiquid Assets are tangible assets that are not liquid. Examples include plant, machinery, inventory, building, furniture, fixtures etc. It implies that the company should invest the funds it generates from the public to invest in the tangible assets. An increase in the number of tangible assets gives the signal to the public that the company is or is planning to expand its operations and hence this sentiment can attract investors and push up the market price of the companys shares. Furthermore, this will increase the depreciation expense of the company and hence it will decrease the corporate taxes the company needs to pay to the government. The ratio of illiquid assets to total assets should be greater than 20% is more of a way to show the public that if the ratio is more than 20%, the company is or planning on expanding, which is a good sign. But is this ratio really a criterion for the company to be doing well? A company that owns more than 20% assets could also be going through high losses and not meeting the hopes of the investors. Also, it has also been seen as a common practice to overvalue the assets in order to show more worth. In such a case the company would looks stable and growing where as it is only trying to get the market price of its shares on a rise to attract investors. As discussed before, such manipulations in the financial statements of a company are the responsibility of the company. If a company is not being honest about its financials, should it really be classified at Shariah Complainant? The shariah advisory board must have done their homework when these filters were created, it is obligatory on them to address these problems before these filters are considered bogus. Screening Criteria # 4: Non-Compliant Income 5% of Gross Revenue Non Compliant Income includes interest; income from gambling, conventional interest based derivatives, structured products and other such instruments, income from nightclubs, prostitution, casinos, tobacco, alcohol, drugs, dividend income from above mentioned businesses etc. However, Capital Gain on scrips of such businesses need not be purified. If investments from the non-compliant businesses will be divested, it will decrease the income ratio of non-compliant income to total income. The qualitative effects of such disinvestment will be the improved image of the company in the eyes of all stakeholders especially the shareholders, creditors and the customers. Screening Criteria # 5: Non-Shariah Compliant Investments 33% of Total Assets Non-Shariah Compliant Investments include investments in money market funds, money market instruments, bonds, PIBs, FIBs, CoIs, CoDs, TFCs, DSCs, conventional speculative derivatives and structured products etc. If investments from the non-compliant businesses will be divested, it will decrease the ratio of non-compliant investments to total assets. The qualitative effects of such disinvestment will be the improved image of the company in the eyes of all stakeholders especially the shareholders, creditors and the customers. Screening Criteria # 6: Interest Bearing Debt 40% of Total Assets Interest Bearing Debt includes Bonds, TFCs, Conventional Bank Loans, Finance Lease, and Preference Shares etc. Debt financing is a double-edge sword. Leveraged companies can magnify their returns in booms, but in slumps, they lose the edge and can even go bankrupt and make both their shareholders and creditors suffer. Debt financing results in a zero-sum game in which at least one stakeholder i.e. shareholders or creditors suffer. Equity financing ensures normal returns in booms and survival in slumps. Therefore, the company will not be squeezed of liquidity as interest expense as an autonomous expense will not feature as a significant portion of total operating expenses. All the above mentioned tests are to be passed in order to be categorized as Shariah Compliant, if any one of the test fails the company will be taken as non-Compliant.

The Imperative Mood in Italian

Lung Cancer The Common Type Of Cancer - 1963 Words

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Free sample note on social work benefits of the population

Question: Discuss about theSocial Work for Benefit of the Population. Answer: Introduction: The professional application of the principles, values and techniques of social work for the benefit of the population is known as social work practice. The social work comprises of the psychotherapy with the individuals and helps the communities to improve their social lives. The issue of mental health has global impact and is considered as the most significant contributor in the burden of disease worldwide. The post modern perspectives impacted the social work in a dramatic way (Fook Pease, 2016). It contributed to the individual perceptions about our societies and the process of the creation of knowledge. The practice of improving mental health in Australia considers the knowledge of social, cultural, economic dimensions and the human development along with the interconnecting factors (Fook Pease, 2016). The social constructivism perspectives emphasizes on the fact that the human development is directly related to the social situation and knowledge can be gathered from the inter actions with others. The critical approaches provide an in-depth assessment of the current situation and help to devise suitable strategies in the mental health practice. Discussions Mental health, as defined by World Health Organizations (W.H.O), is a state of emotional as well as social well being that helps the individuals to cope up with the usual stresses of life and hence realize its true potential (World Health Organization, 2016). A complex interplay of the social, environmental, economic, psychological and biological factors affects the mental capabilities of the people (World Health Organization, 2016). The issues of the mental health are characterized by retarded social, emotional and cognitive functioning that affects the mental well being of the population (World Health Organization, 2016). The mental health practice is a part of the social work domain which consists of the social context of the mental illness. The purpose of the mental health practice in Australia is the promotion, recovery and restoration of wellbeing of the community so that the individuals have enhanced capabilities to control their own lives (World Health Organization, 2016). Th e practice of social work takes place at the interface between the environment and the individual. The registered providers of Australia, Accredited Mental Health Social Workers, are specialized mental health experts who are assigned responsibilities by the Commonwealth Government by Australia to safeguard the mental health of the population (Aasw.asn.au, 2016). They are eligible to provide better services in mental health care programs and better management of the chronic diseases (Aasw.asn.au, 2016). They treat various mental disorders such as mood disorders, anxiety problems, depression, personality disorders, suicidal thoughts, psychosis, family conflicts, relationship issues, life crisis and others (Aasw.asn.au, 2016). The mental health social workers should possess good knowledge of the mental health as well as mental illness in Australia. It consists of the psychiatric classifications, crucial syndromes and the social history of the mental diseases (Dudgeon, Milroy Walker 2014). It also consists of the recovery principles, psychological interventions, mental health disciplines and the consumer issues concerning mental health (Aasw.asn.au, 2016). The mental health social workers should be knowledgeable about the practice standards in Australia such as Practice Standards for Mental Health Social Workers and the Code of Ethics (Aasw.asn.au, 2016). These standards give an idea of the social practices concerning mental health in an Australian context. The workers should also identify the value positions that put emphasis on this domain. There are general principles that should be followed by the social health workers engaging in mental health. They should have respect for individuals, obligation for social justice, maintain confidentiality and self-determination while dealing with the patients. The social work theories explain the purpose of the society towards the victims of mental illness (Aasw.asn.au, 2016). They focus on the social environment, human behaviours and the change processes that dominate the mental health domain. There is an impact of the economic, political and social factors on the mental work practice in Australia. The political conflict in a country affects the living conditions of the people and also the disease burden of the community. The social workers need to take account of the political scenario in Australia and assess the present emotional state of the community. The patients may be suffering from emotional stress, anxiety, fear, clashing of the national identities or cultures, resilience and others (DuBois Miley, 2013). There are several moral dilemmas of the people which need to be addressed by the mental health social workers. The political unrest between the international boundaries demands the special attention of the mental health social workers (DuBois Miley, 2013). The political ideology of the country determines the course of action taken by the mental health social workers. The political ideology determines the major decisions taken by the Government for the betterment of the people (DuBois Miley, 2013). The social work is affected by the political framework of the country as it provides the possible course of action according to the environmental pressures (DuBois Miley, 2013). The revolution of the welfare classes may affect the mental status of the population. The economic factors also affect the population to a large extent. The recession affected the mental health of the population. The social workers need to understand that the people would become prone to anxiety and panic in the case of economic downturn (Blanchard, Jaumotte Loungani, 2014). The economic recession also affects the unemployment, which in turn contributes to the stress of the people (Blanchard, Jaumotte Loungani, 2014). The lack of employment opportunities deprives the people of housing facilities. The mental health social workers should understand these parameters and should strive to provide effective solutions to them. They should be befriending with their clients and link their conditions to the economic scenario of the country. There would be increased debt, which would cause significant fear in the minds of the people. There is a need of counseling and understanding the viewpoints of the victims of the mental illness (Sue et al., 2015). There is also a need to i ncrease the support of the mentally ill patients by creating legislative frameworks. The social workers should strive to protect the employment rights of the mentally disabled patients (Sue et al., 2015). They should not be entitled to reduced employment opportunities (Sue et al., 2015). The mental health social workers should emphasize on the support of the job centers in providing customized employment opportunities to the mentally disabled patients. The social factors also impact the mental health of the people of Australia. The effect of the mental illness may have great influence on the society. The social problems of the society like poverty, reduced productivity due to trauma, customs, ineffective government policies, work stress, problems in the work environment and others impact the mental health of the people. In Australia, the phenomenon of racism is common, which is a major cause of mental disabilities among the patients (de Lepervanche, 2013). This causes psychological trauma among the native people, which needs to be addressed by the mental health social workers (de Lepervanche, 2013). The social workers need to be careful about the violence in schools which affects the young population. They are also vulnerable to the emotional imbalances at the time of puberty. The unfair labor conditions in Australia also pose serious threats to the mental health of the population (Milner et al., 2015). The employees may not be sat isfied with their jobs which may further increase their stress levels (Milner et al., 2015). The social workers need to be careful about the problems of the youth, who represent a major section of the population. There are increased incidents of drug abuse among the youths. The community disorganization and low neighborhood attachment are some of the common reasons of low morale of the youths. The youths from the ethnic minority groups pose greater chances of low self confidence as well as low self-esteem. The social workers should identify issues such as sexual abuse, depression, suicidal tendencies and identification of the high risk teenagers (Geldard, Geldard Foo, 2015). They should make the health care accessible to all, especially the adolescents. There should be more health care providers for the young population (Geldard, Geldard Foo, 2015). The mental health social workers must understand the fact that mental health is a prerequisite for achieving an optimum quality of li fe. Conclusion The mental health social workers are crucial in improving the health status of the population. The social workers need to have extensive knowledge regarding the health status of the community. They should assess the impacts of the external environments in the mental well being of the society. The external factors include the political, economic and social parameters that determine the degree of mental disability among the people. This paper discusses about the mental health situation in Australia and the role of mental health social workers in upgrading the condition of the population. This paper also strived to connect the critical social work perspectives with the approaches of the mental health social worker. It would broaden the understanding of the role of the mental health social workers in the world, especially in Australia. References Blanchard, O. J., Jaumotte, F., Loungani, P. (2014). Labor market policies and IMF advice in advanced economies during the Great Recession.IZA Journal of Labor Policy,3(1), 1-23. de Lepervanche, M. (2013). Racism and sexism in Australian national life.Sydney Studies in Society and Culture,4. DuBois, B. L., Miley, K. K. (2013).Social work: An empowering profession. Pearson Higher Ed. Dudgeon, P., Milroy, H., Walker, R. (2014). Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice.Pat. Fook, J., Pease, B. (Eds.). (2016).Transforming social work practice: Postmodern critical perspectives. Routledge. Geldard, K., Geldard, D., Foo, R. Y. (2015).Counselling adolescents: The proactive approach for young people. Sage. Home - AASW - Australian Association of Social Workers. (2016).Aasw.asn.au. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.aasw.asn.au Milner, A., Butterworth, P., Bentley, R., Kavanagh, A. M., LaMontagne, A. D. (2015). Sickness absence and psychosocial job quality: an analysis from a longitudinal survey of working australians, 20052012.American journal of epidemiology,181(10), 781-788. Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, S., Sue, D. M. (2015).Understanding abnormal behavior. Cengage Learning. World Health Organization. (2016).World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 August 2016, from https://www.who.int

Essay Focus Sample - How Can It Help You Write Your Essay?

Essay Focus Sample - How Can It Help You Write Your Essay?If you are an aspiring writer, you might be thinking about using essay focus samples to get the perfect sample essay. In order to do this you will need to know what a focus sample is and how it can help you write your paper. A focus sample is simply an outline of what you are going to write, or what you are going to ask your teacher or a professor for help with. By using the focus sample you will be able to create a single paragraph or more that will go along with your outline in order to create the perfect outline for your essay.If you find writing a paper at school difficult, this may be a good idea. The essay can be broken up into sections and used as a means of allowing your instructor to think about what you are trying to say. However, this can be done before you even start writing your essay.When your essay is already written, by the time you use this tool, it will be easier to find words and organize the essay. Use it b y creating a strong outline that is centered around the theme of your essay. This is going to make it easier for you to write the piece, and it is also a way for you to create your focus sample.Remember to write your essay for one reason, and that is to give your reader a great idea on how you would write an essay. Focus samples can be found in every computerized writing program. Most of them have them in every paragraph, and some even have them in different writing styles.First and foremost, you will want to write an outline. This should be done first before writing your essay, and then you can begin to compose your focus sample.Using the focus sample will also allow you to make notes. This is important when you write for an essay. You will need to use all of your knowledge in order to create a paper that is easy to read. The focus sample will not only make your outline easier to write, but it will also make it easier for you to organize your thoughts.It is also a good idea to writ e on the first day of class, just to remind yourself that you are writing for an essay. Even if you are doing a first paper, it is always best to give yourself an outline so that you are better prepared for what you are going to write. Use the focus sample to your advantage, by using it before you even begin writing your essay, it will make it easier for you to write the perfect essay.

Key Pieces of Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test

Key Pieces of Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test The Fight Against Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test It is vital to clear IAS prelims as a way to appear for IAS mains exam. The exam can be hard and you simply have an hour to answer the 50 questions. Most exams are only 1 session. You speak about any competitive exam and you can't miss out on general expertise, in case you have to clear the exam. The History of Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test Refuted Everybody is an interesting human being with a perspective that is not possible to duplicate. There are lots of things you will need to do in order to make sure you're having an effective study session. A good way to obtain a concept of what you will need to understand is by buying or printing the industrial driver's manual for your region. General knowledge is something which cannot be attained in 1 night. The Importance of Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test You ought to create a user account and ans wer questions regarding your academic background and experience before deciding upon a testing date. If you'd like to drive combination vehicles you'll also want to contemplate taking the combination vehicle part of the test. You may access your testing history and score reports for 60 days once they have been reported by means of your on-line account. In the present world of mortgage brokers and lending institutions, should you not own a general understanding of the way the mortgage methods work you might possibly wind up paying thousands of dollars more than you want to. All About Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test The quizzes supply you with the chance to evaluate your knowledge in a specific area and get you familiar with a computerized testing structure. Our free CDL sample tests supply you with an opportunity to estimate how well you're ready for the real CDL Test, and then to concentrate on the regions you require work on. For skilled certification, candidate should hold bachelor degree with specialization in the necessary field. You have to pass endorsement tests based on the kind of CMV that you'll be driving. You also must pass endorsement tests based on the kind of CMV which you will be driving. The Fight Against Essay Topics for General Knowledge Test If you are able to, attempt to pull in a really different perspective, on your conclusion. Pick a prompt at random from above, or select a topic that you believe will be hard that you detach from (because you are going to want to write about the subject, as opposed to the argument) set timer to 50 minutes and compose the essay. Within this portal you may also submit any questions you've got for one of our experts to reply. When you got through that, you will discover that it is effortless to answer virtually all questions. General knowledge is the recorded kind of all of the events and incidents that have happened previously and hold some va lue. It covers a vast area of information. It helps you understand not only your country better, but the entire world in its entirety. You should have thorough understanding of the general affairs happening in your environment as a way to remain aware and secure. You are going to be shown your essay. There is a vast selection of expository topics covering nearly every area of knowledge that you could make use of for your essay. While, with the assistance of a quiz you are able to test your knowledge, you may read the newspapers daily to acquire knowledge on Current affairs. The expression general knowledge has not yet been developed recently. The quantity of questions specializing in general knowledge in competitive exams, signify its importance in the world today. More so, it can lead to a good deal of stress, frustration and disappointment. Thus, it's very evident how gaining general knowledge and being updated is a significant portion of our lives. The overall knowledge you'll have studied during the analysis phase will too play a most important part in your future as the info will arrive in useful in quite a few places. It is extremely important for all of us to keep in close touch with the overall knowledge details. Obviously, you ought to start with the overall knowledge region and expand out from that point. If your general knowledge is quite low. Learn a bit about lots of topics.

Essay Topics For IELTS

Essay Topics For IELTSCommon essay topics for IELTS are often varied and based on the student's own interests. However, many students find that they can reduce the weight of their essay and focus more on reading and thinking skills than writing skills. Reading skills are very important and will form the backbone of the essay. An essay needs to be clear and concise so that the reader will have the ability to connect the concepts in the essay to their lives.There are a variety of writers that you can choose from to write the essays you are looking for. Many online writers offer free essays, however some will charge a fee for a short course on how to write a perfect essay. If you are too embarrassed to write on your own then you can hire an essay writer. Before you hire one though, look at the prices they charge for the course. There are many courses available and it will be worth finding out how much they cost before you commit to paying them.One of the most common essay topics for IEL TS is having fun. When you are able to enjoy yourself in your life, then it will make the subject of your essay more interesting. Of course, you can combine this with topics of interest.For example, if you like to watch sports, then you might like to mention how much you enjoy watching the games of your favorite team. This would not only help you with the topic of your essay, but it would also help to spark some interest in the reader. If your favorite movie is about the great sport, then your essay would definitely be in a good spot to address a variety of topics. These types of subjects are popular as well because they are topics that people enjoy watching or reading about.Another common essay topics for IELTS is learning English. It is very important that you learn the English language so that you will be able to answer any questions the reader has in regards to the subject of your essay. However, you will want to give the essay a concise and easy to read format so that you do no t get too bogged down by the English language.A helpful tip would be to use an article style format in your writing. You may also want to use direct quotes and a list format to help make the topic of your essay easy to read. Another great tip would be to think about writing in an all-caps format so that you can be sure that the content of your essay does not read confusingly.Once you are familiar with the topic of your essay, you can use the following essay topics for IELTS that will help your essay has become more focused and clearly written. The reason you need to write essays is to give your reader something of value to read. You want your essay to have as much substance as possible, so you need to focus on getting the information to your reader in the clearest manner possible.